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Wellbeing · 36 items · 8 scales, 0-100 each · Developed at RAND as part of the Medical Outcomes Study (Hays, Sherbourne & Mazel, 1993). Reproduced under RAND's terms of use; RAND does not charge or require permission.

RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0: Scoring, Cutoffs & Interpretation

The free version of the original 36 Medical Outcomes Study health items, scored as eight 0-100 scales of physical, emotional and social functioning, pain, energy and general health. Higher scores mean better health.

Download printable PDF

Usage conditions apply. The RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 is a public document. RAND grants permission to use it without fee or further written permission, provided a credit line acknowledges that it was developed at RAND as part of the Medical Outcomes Study and any wording changes are identified. It contains the same items as the original SF-36 but uses RAND's simpler scoring; 'SF-36' is a trademark of QualityMetric and this page does not use SF-36 scoring or norms.

Choose one option for each item. Items about the past 4 weeks refer to the last four weeks; items about activities refer to how your health limits you now.

Developed at RAND as part of the Medical Outcomes Study. Items reproduced verbatim (US spelling retained); no wording changes have been made.

In general, would you say your health is

Item score-

Compared to one year ago, how would you rate your health in general now?

Item score-

The following items are about activities you might do during a typical day. Does your health now limit you in these activities? If so, how much?

Vigorous activities, such as running, lifting heavy objects, participating in strenuous sports

Item score-

Moderate activities, such as moving a table, pushing a vacuum cleaner, bowling, or playing golf

Item score-

Lifting or carrying groceries

Item score-

Climbing several flights of stairs

Item score-

Climbing one flight of stairs

Item score-

Bending, kneeling, or stooping

Item score-

Walking more than a mile

Item score-

Walking several blocks

Item score-

Walking one block

Item score-

Bathing or dressing yourself

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, have you had any of the following problems with your work or other regular daily activities as a result of your physical health?

Cut down the amount of time you spent on work or other activities

Item score-

Accomplished less than you would like

Item score-

Were limited in the kind of work or other activities

Item score-

Had difficulty performing the work or other activities (for example, it took extra effort)

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, have you had any of the following problems with your work or other regular daily activities as a result of any emotional problems (such as feeling depressed or anxious)?

Cut down the amount of time you spent on work or other activities

Item score-

Accomplished less than you would like

Item score-

Didn't do work or other activities as carefully as usual

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, to what extent has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your normal social activities with family, friends, neighbors, or groups?

Item score-

How much bodily pain have you had during the past 4 weeks?

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, how much did pain interfere with your normal work (including both work outside the home and housework)?

Item score-

These questions are about how you feel and how things have been with you during the past 4 weeks. For each question, please give the one answer that comes closest to the way you have been feeling. How much of the time during the past 4 weeks...

Did you feel full of pep?

Item score-

Have you been a very nervous person?

Item score-

Have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up?

Item score-

Have you felt calm and peaceful?

Item score-

Did you have a lot of energy?

Item score-

Have you felt downhearted and blue?

Item score-

Did you feel worn out?

Item score-

Have you been a happy person?

Item score-

Did you feel tired?

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, how much of the time has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your social activities (like visiting with friends, relatives, etc.)?

Item score-

How TRUE or FALSE is each of the following statements for you.

I seem to get sick a little easier than other people

Item score-

I am as healthy as anybody I know

Item score-

I expect my health to get worse

Item score-

My health is excellent

Item score-

Scored locally in your browser - nothing is sent until you choose to.

0 of 36 answered

RAND-360 / 36

Choose one option for each item. Items about the past 4 weeks refer to the last four weeks; items about activities refer to how your health limits you now.

Developed at RAND as part of the Medical Outcomes Study. Items reproduced verbatim (US spelling retained); no wording changes have been made.

In general, would you say your health is

Item score-

Compared to one year ago, how would you rate your health in general now?

Item score-

The following items are about activities you might do during a typical day. Does your health now limit you in these activities? If so, how much?

Vigorous activities, such as running, lifting heavy objects, participating in strenuous sports

Item score-

Moderate activities, such as moving a table, pushing a vacuum cleaner, bowling, or playing golf

Item score-

Lifting or carrying groceries

Item score-

Climbing several flights of stairs

Item score-

Climbing one flight of stairs

Item score-

Bending, kneeling, or stooping

Item score-

Walking more than a mile

Item score-

Walking several blocks

Item score-

Walking one block

Item score-

Bathing or dressing yourself

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, have you had any of the following problems with your work or other regular daily activities as a result of your physical health?

Cut down the amount of time you spent on work or other activities

Item score-

Accomplished less than you would like

Item score-

Were limited in the kind of work or other activities

Item score-

Had difficulty performing the work or other activities (for example, it took extra effort)

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, have you had any of the following problems with your work or other regular daily activities as a result of any emotional problems (such as feeling depressed or anxious)?

Cut down the amount of time you spent on work or other activities

Item score-

Accomplished less than you would like

Item score-

Didn't do work or other activities as carefully as usual

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, to what extent has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your normal social activities with family, friends, neighbors, or groups?

Item score-

How much bodily pain have you had during the past 4 weeks?

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, how much did pain interfere with your normal work (including both work outside the home and housework)?

Item score-

Did you feel full of pep?

Item score-

Have you been a very nervous person?

Item score-

Have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up?

Item score-

Have you felt calm and peaceful?

Item score-

Did you have a lot of energy?

Item score-

Have you felt downhearted and blue?

Item score-

Did you feel worn out?

Item score-

Have you been a happy person?

Item score-

Did you feel tired?

Item score-

During the past 4 weeks, how much of the time has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your social activities (like visiting with friends, relatives, etc.)?

Item score-

How TRUE or FALSE is each of the following statements for you.

I seem to get sick a little easier than other people

Item score-

I am as healthy as anybody I know

Item score-

I expect my health to get worse

Item score-

My health is excellent

Item score-

0 of 36 answered

Scoring & cutoffs

How scoring works.

Each response is recoded to a 0-100 value so that a higher score always means better health (RAND Table 1). Each scale score is the mean of the recoded items in that scale (RAND Table 2); items left blank are ignored, so a scale is the average of the items answered. There is no total score and no diagnostic cutoff - scores are compared with a reference population or the person's own baseline. Item 2 (health compared with one year ago) is recoded but reported on its own, not in any scale.

Physical functioning

10 items · 0–100

Items 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 · reference mean 70.6 (SD 27.4)

0-100, higher = better0–100

Role limitations due to physical health

4 items · 0–100

Items 13, 14, 15, 16 · reference mean 53 (SD 40.8)

0-100, higher = better0–100

Role limitations due to emotional problems

3 items · 0–100

Items 17, 18, 19 · reference mean 65.8 (SD 40.7)

0-100, higher = better0–100

Energy / fatigue

4 items · 0–100

Items 23, 27, 29, 31 · reference mean 52.2 (SD 22.4)

0-100, higher = better0–100

Emotional well-being

5 items · 0–100

Items 24, 25, 26, 28, 30 · reference mean 70.4 (SD 22)

0-100, higher = better0–100

Social functioning

2 items · 0–100

Items 20, 32 · reference mean 78.8 (SD 25.4)

0-100, higher = better0–100

Pain

2 items · 0–100

Items 21, 22 · reference mean 70.8 (SD 25.5)

0-100, higher = better0–100

General health

5 items · 0–100

Items 1, 33, 34, 35, 36 · reference mean 57 (SD 21.1)

0-100, higher = better0–100

Health change (single item)

1 items · 0–100

Items 2 · reference mean 59.1 (SD 23.1)

0-100, higher = better0–100

Reference values are the Medical Outcomes Study baseline sample of 2,471 patients with chronic conditions (rand.org scoring page, Table 3): physical functioning 70.6 (SD 27.4), role-physical 53.0 (40.8), role-emotional 65.8 (40.7), energy/fatigue 52.2 (22.4), emotional well-being 70.4 (22.0), social functioning 78.8 (25.4), pain 70.8 (25.5), general health 57.0 (21.1). These are patient means, not general-population norms. RAND's scoring differs from the licensed SF-36 (linear recoding of the general health and pain items; no PCS/MCS).

02 - The clinician's brief

Last reviewed: 6 September 2026 · Reviewed by Lotte Kjær Svalberg

01 - Licensing, explained

How licensing works.

The RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 is a public document. RAND grants permission to use it without fee or further written permission, provided a credit line acknowledges that it was developed at RAND as part of the Medical Outcomes Study and any wording changes are identified. It contains the same items as the original SF-36 but uses RAND's simpler scoring; 'SF-36' is a trademark of QualityMetric and this page does not use SF-36 scoring or norms.

Related scales

Instruments clinicians often use alongside this one

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SF-36

36-Item Short Form Survey

A licensed 36-item measure of health-related quality of life across eight domains, with physical and mental component summaries. Information resource only - items are not hosted here.

Open scale

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EQ-5D

EuroQol EQ-5D

Licensed health-related quality of life measure (EuroQol). Not available to score here.

Open scale

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WHO-5

WHO-5 Well-Being Index

Five-item measure of subjective psychological wellbeing (raw 0-25; multiply by 4 for a 0-100 score).

Open scale